Application of Brown Coal and Activated Carbon for the Immobilization of Metal Forms in Soil, along with Their Verification Using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs)
Authors:
- Agnieszka Pusz,
- Magdalena Paulina Wiśniewska,
- Dominik Rogalski
Abstract
Various factors can lead to the transformation of metal forms and to an increase in their solubility and, consequently, their mobility. One solution to the problem of increased solubility is the use of carbons as additives to soil in order to limit the potential migration of contaminants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using brown coal and activated carbon on metal forms that are available to plants. The mineral composition of the coals used in a pot experiment was analyzed. Observations were carried out with a JJSM-6380 LA scanning electron microscope (SEM) connected to an EDS electron micro-probe. The total contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the assessed soils as well as the content of available metal forms were determined after single extractions with different reagents, namely 1 M NH4NO3, DTPA and 1 M HCl. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the stabilization methods in a long-term pot experiment. The carbons reduced the percentage of these forms relative to the total metal content in the soil. After adding brown coal, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu forms were reduced by up to 32%, 30%, 33% and 43%, respectively. After adding activated carbon, the metal forms of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were reduced by up to 47%, 44%, 40% and 50%, respectively. The following order of extracted metal forms with different solutions was found: HCl: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd; DTPA: Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd; NH4NO3: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Eight years after setting up the pot experiment, the contents of humic substances in soils with the addition of both tested carbons were compared, and the soils with added carbons were found to have a stable content of humic fractions. The costs of remediation through the stabilization method using the tested brown coal and activated carbons do not exceed USD 75/t (taking into account the double doses of both carbons).
- Record ID
- WUT7e258356d4ad4b869efab7ba3ad178d5
- Author
- Journal series
- Minerals, ISSN 2075-163X
- Issue year
- 2021
- Vol
- 11
- No
- 3
- Pages
- 1-20
- Publication size in sheets
- 0.95
- Article number
- 268
- Keywords in English
- metals; soil pollution; brown coal; activated carbon; in situ immobilization; generalized linear models (GLMs)
- Keywords in original language
- metals; soil pollution; brown coal; activated carbon; in situ immobilization; generalized linear models (GLMs)
- ASJC Classification
- ;
- Abstract in original language
- Various factors can lead to the transformation of metal forms and to an increase in their solubility and, consequently, their mobility. One solution to the problem of increased solubility is the use of carbons as additives to soil in order to limit the potential migration of contaminants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using brown coal and activated carbon on metal forms that are available to plants. The mineral composition of the coals used in a pot experiment was analyzed. Observations were carried out with a JJSM-6380 LA scanning electron microscope (SEM) connected to an EDS electron micro-probe. The total contents of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the assessed soils as well as the content of available metal forms were determined after single extractions with different reagents, namely 1 M NH4NO3, DTPA and 1 M HCl. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the stabilization methods in a long-term pot experiment. The carbons reduced the percentage of these forms relative to the total metal content in the soil. After adding brown coal, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu forms were reduced by up to 32%, 30%, 33% and 43%, respectively. After adding activated carbon, the metal forms of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were reduced by up to 47%, 44%, 40% and 50%, respectively. The following order of extracted metal forms with different solutions was found: HCl: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd; DTPA: Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd; NH4NO3: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Eight years after setting up the pot experiment, the contents of humic substances in soils with the addition of both tested carbons were compared, and the soils with added carbons were found to have a stable content of humic fractions. The costs of remediation through the stabilization method using the tested brown coal and activated carbons do not exceed USD 75/t (taking into account the double doses of both carbons).
- DOI
- DOI:10.3390/min11030268 Opening in a new tab
- URL
- https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/3/268 Opening in a new tab
- Language
- (en) English
- License
- File
-
- File: 1
- Application of Brown Coal and Activated Carbon for the Immobilization of Metal Forms in Soil, along with Their Verification Using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), File WUT7e258356d4ad4b869efab7ba3ad178d5.pdf / 3 MB
- WUT7e258356d4ad4b869efab7ba3ad178d5.pdf
- publication date: 25-05-2021
- Application of Brown Coal and Activated Carbon for the Immobilization of Metal Forms in Soil, along with Their Verification Using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), File WUT7e258356d4ad4b869efab7ba3ad178d5.pdf / 3 MB
-
- Score (nominal)
- 100
- Score source
- journalList
- Score
- = 100.0, 25-05-2021, ArticleFromJournal
- Publication indicators
- = 0; : 2016 = 1.229; : 2018 = 2.250 (2) - 2018=2.453 (5)
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- Uniform Resource Identifier
- https://repo.pw.edu.pl/info/article/WUT7e258356d4ad4b869efab7ba3ad178d5/
- URN
urn:pw-repo:WUT7e258356d4ad4b869efab7ba3ad178d5
* presented citation count is obtained through Internet information analysis and it is close to the number calculated by the Publish or PerishOpening in a new tab system.